Frontline
June 1999
Observatory

Egypt shuts marriage option to rapists
In April, the Egyptian President, Hosni Mubarak, finally annulled the 1904 law which allowed rapists freedom if they married their victims. Minister of justice, Farouk Seif El–Nasr, while revoking the law, admitted finally that the old law had "encouraged the criminals to perpetrate their crime instead of deterring them". Parents of rape victims have long used this law to get their traumatised daughters married off to their tormentor in a facade to regain ‘lost family honour’. Rapists have found the law a convenient escape from punishment.

The law faced a heated debate in the Egyptian Parliament. Some lawmakers had argued fervently that the law was in the victims’ interest as otherwise, their marriage prospects were slim. The debate came to an end only with the intervention of the President himself. The cabinet endorsed President Mubarak’s decree and then sent it to Parliament for ratification.

The decision has been welcomed by human rights groups and also, surprisingly, by the nation’s top clerics, who decreed that such marriages lacked the parity and amity required in a proper Islamic marriage. However, repealing this law may lead to an increase in cases of murder of rape victims by male relatives, in a bid to ‘save family honour’, as the family will no longer be able to get the ‘tainted’ girl married off to the offender. Thus, though the law is a step in the right direction, any real solutions for the rape victims of the country would require consistent efforts towards creating public awareness and changing patriarchal attitudes.

Secular v/s religious education
In Quebec, Canada, a government appointed task force recommended in late April that the current religious basis of school education be abolished and replaced by a secular system. So far, Canadian public schools had taken on either Catholic or Protestant denominational status. However, the task force under Jean–Pierre Proulx, a journalist and academic, unanimously concluded from its investigation that the time had come "to define the place of religion in our schools from a new perspective", and to move towards "open, secular schools that would draw upon the common values of citizens and include the study of both religious and secular world views".

The task force clarified that revoking ‘Christian education’ would not mean that religion no longer be taught in schools. They held that the basic school system must provide for the study of religions "from a cultural perspective in place of Catholic or Protestant religious instruction". It has further asserted that the study of religions be made compulsory for all students irrespective of their religious backgrounds.

On the other hand, a recent judgement in White Plains, New York, declared that a Westchester County School had violated its students’ First Amendment right to religious freedom by engaging in ‘religious–oriented activities’ which included the construction of a Ganesha likeness by third–grade students. The activity was part of one teacher’s week–long lesson on the culture of India, in which the teacher read out stories of the elephant–headed Hindu god, Ganesha, and then planned to have pupils make their own Ganeshas from paper. "While reading the Ganesha story can be part of a neutral secular curriculum, this court fails to find any educational justification for telling young impressionable students to construct images of a known religious god", the judge ruled in response to the complaint that the school was forcing the children to make graven images, in violation of their religious beliefs.

A group of Roman Catholic parents, represented by the American Catholic Lawyers Association had petitioned the Court on 15 counts, of which the Court upheld three. Judge Charles L. Brieant III chided both sides for not accommodating the others’ views in his judgement, but also ordered school district officials to stop teachers from creating lessons that incorporate religious symbols or routines, as they violate the constitutional doctrine of church–state separation. The judgement directed school officials to publish a clear policy for their teachers and guest lecturers to remain neutral towards all religions in the future and discuss it without advocacy. The Judge also upheld objections to the creation of "worry dolls" to dispell worries as a means of advocating "rank superstition" and the Earth Day festival the school observed. Children recited the line, "This is what we believe. The Mother of us all is Earth. The Father is the Sun", on Earth Day, which the judge held to constitute religious worship of the Earth.

Both, the parents and the Bedford school, which was supported by People for the American Way of life, a civil liberties group, are planning to appeal and the case may well lead to wider discussions on what secular education is to entail.

Ultra–right targets non–whites, gays
Racial tensions escalated in London with the explosions of two nail bombs specifically targeting racial minority communities in the city in mid and late April. The first explosion took place at Brixton, which has a large Afro–Caribbean population, while the second took place at Brick Lane, also known as Bangla Town because of its large Bangladeshi population. The explosion at Brixton injured 39 people and was scheduled to coincide with the 20th death anniversary of the Anti–Nazi League campaigner, Blair Peach. The second explosion injured five people and destroyed several surrounding shops. A third explosion on April 30, set off in a gay pub in Soho, claiming three lives, made the gay community the newest targets of Nazi aggression, punished for their sexual ‘deviation’.

Combat 18, an ultra–right terrorist group with several neo–Nazi members, claimed responsibility for all three blasts. The group’s name is based on Adolf Hitler’s initials — the first and eighth letters in the alphabet, and its membership is conjectured to be anywhere between 40 to 200, which includes several convicted bombers. A splinter group of the Combat 18, which calls itself the White Wolves, has a chillingly clear enough manifesto: "Many immigrants are innocent of any recognised crime, but collectively they make up an invading army which threatens (our) birthright — they must be forced out with extreme violence." Anti–racist activists fear the group is now intent on fomenting a race war.

Economic frustrations were not the cause of the violence as the explosions were aimed not at the affluent sections of the minority community but rather, targeted the poorer sections of the minorities that inhabit these areas. The violence comes in the wake of the Stephen Lawrence report, which declared the British police to be institutionally racist. Though the police have assured the minorities of full efforts for their protection, minority Asian groups have begun street patrols in Southall and Bradford, watching for suspicious packages. The Barnet Borough locality, which has a large number of Jews and Asians has also asked its sweepers to be on the alert for such objects.

Women to enter Iranian police force
Opportunities seem to be opening up at least slightly to women in West Asia. Qatar recently gave its women the right to vote and to participate in elections. Iran, where women have been participants in the administration for quite some time now, has recently opened up its police force to women. In the Iranian year that is to start next March, some 100 women cadets and 30 non–commissioned officers will begin their training. This is part of a programme aimed at improving employment opportunities for women in the country. Iran’s top woman police official, Mandana Hosseini, who made the announcement, also declared the police was setting up five police stations staffed by women to deal with women offenders and were to carry out research in women and juvenile crime. The announcement is the confirmation of the measure passed by Iranian parliament last year, allowing women to carry out most police duties, including law enforcement, which had been reserved for men since the 1979 Islamic revolution.

Love marriage closes down school
In Nilphamari district in north Bangladesh, 180 students of the Anand Niketan Primary School were left stranded when the school was shut down forcibly by a hard–line fundamentalist group in the area. The fundamentalists had no problem with the school itself. Their objection was to the love marriage of one of the school’s teachers. "How can a teacher who had a love marriage impart education to students?", they demanded.

A 22–year–old teacher, Parul, had married her boyfriend during the Id–ul–Zuha festival holidays. The fundamentalists demanded that she be sacked and even forced her out of the premises once. They then went on to issue a fatwa against her so as to disable her from ever teaching in any school again. When the school authorities refused to sack the teacher, the group had the school locked shut, leaving the students to fend for themselves.


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