Modern breakthrough Female muftis in Damascus and Aleppo soon:
Syria’s grand mufti speaks
BY TOMADER FATEH
The highest religious authority in Syria, Sheikh Ahmad
Hassoun, spoke about the clash of civilisations, a theory promoted by
American political scientist Samuel Huntington in 1996 and cited
frequently after 9/11. The mufti believes that civilisations meet, they
don’t clash. He recalls an abundance of examples from Islamic history
where Muslims learnt from, then developed, the legacy of their
predecessors. They were then passed on to Europe – in peace, with no war
or so-called "clash". That, along with interfaith dialogue and
coexistence, was the focal point of his interview with FORWARD.
Since assuming his new job as grand mufti of Syria, Sheikh
Ahmad Hassoun has established himself as an impassioned orator, a skilled
statesman and a highly knowledgeable scholar of Islam. He has dazzled
Muslims and Christians alike with his character, style, wit and sharpness.
He uses his sermons to encourage coexistence, encouraging interfaith
dialogue not only in Syria but throughout the entire world. When asked by
FORWARD what his single message would be to Muslims around the globe, the
mufti quoted a phrase from the Koran (Verse 2, # 256): "There is no
compulsion in religion, truth stands out from error."
He then referred to other parts of the Muslim book, saying
that the prophet’s role was just to convey god’s message – not force it on
others. Sheikh Hassoun added, "To me, that is the utmost level of
tolerance," and pleaded, "Please… read the Koran – not only its letters
but try to understand it through explanations of the prophet himself. He
was a role model in tolerance and respect for Christians and Jews." The
mufti reminded us that the Koran embraces both Christians and Jews,
referring to them as "people of the book".
The grand mufti then addressed the issue of honour
killings in Syria where no less than 200 women are annually murdered by
their fathers, brothers or husbands if suspected of being in an illegal
sexual relationship. To date, the law in Syria and elsewhere in the Muslim
world protects men who commit these crimes. The mufti condemned these
horrific killings, calling for the protection of women at risk and reform
of legal codes so that they undeniably state that such a murder is
un-Islamic. In collaboration with the ministry of justice, the mufti is
working to brand all of these killings as a crime – punishable by the
harshest penal codes in the Syrian legal system. "Nobody is permitted to
commit a crime in the name of honour," he explained.
The mufti then explained how "unfortunate and regrettable"
it was that religion is being used for political and economic reasons –
not only in the Arab world but in the international community. Many
governments around the world use religion to stir up popular passion and
often create a state based on religious or ethnic foundations. This
monopolisation of religion, he added, caused many of the world’s deadliest
wars in the 20th century, citing the usurpation of Palestine and the
creation of Israel on the foundations of Zionism. He added that the fact
that Prime Minister Ehud Olmert recently said Israel was a "Jewish
country" is further proof that the world is heading towards chaos where
governments use religion to falsify history and expel people from their
native lands.
Clash of civilisations
The world has changed over the last 20 years, acknowledged
the mufti, stressing that it has indeed become "a global village". This
doesn’t mean that civilisations must clash, he noted. On the contrary, "We
are supposed to develop an understanding of one another so we can prevent
the clash of civilisations." As far as he was concerned, civilisations do
not clash – they meet. Throughout history, civilisations enriched one
another, he said, citing the Muslims who borrowed and translated works
from India, Greece and the Roman Empire. They built upon the grand medical
and cultural achievements of all of these people, reined them, then passed
them on to Europe via Cordoba, Spain. Honest western thinkers and
philosophers, he added, cannot deny the impact of Islamic civilisation on
the European Renaissance.
The situation of today however is the exact opposite.
Arabs and many Muslim countries are benefiting from the technological
advancements seen and promoted in the West. They fall short of taking what
is beneficial from these cultures however and applying them to their own
societies. "They are unable to take, give and enjoy the diversity that god
has created in us – to celebrate it rather than fight it." The mufti
thinks that Muslims who emigrated to the West must learn from the
different cultures around them and adopt what is suitable for them without
losing their original identity. Islam does not contradict with western
culture, he added, noting that there are many things that go hand in hand
between the western world and Muhammad’s faith. Citing some examples, he
mentioned customer service, business transactions, democracy, freedom of
religion and respect for diversity.
The grand mufti then talked about Islamic laws that govern
the personal status of women in Syria. Several civil laws have been
reformed over the past 30 years to create gender equity. Many of these
reforms have not been enforced however because of social convention. In
2003 the Syrian government ratified the UN Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) with reservations
applied to Articles 2, 9(2), 15(4), 16(1)(2) and 29(1). The government
found these articles to be incompatible with national laws and the Islamic
code (Shariah).
Syria’s reservations predominantly concern a woman’s right
to pass her nationality to her children, freedom of movement and of
residence along with equal rights and responsibilities during marriage
(and divorce). Syria’s reservations on Article 2 of the convention are
most significant, as it is this article that establishes the purpose of
the convention and commits the state to engage in efforts to eliminate
discrimination against women. Syria has not yet ratified the Optional
Protocol to CEDAW.
The grand mufti recommended removing some of the Syrian
reservations on CEDAW because he found them (the CEDAW articles) to be
very compatible with the Islamic Shariah. The reservations that were taken
out pertain to the following provisions: Article 2 (condemning
discrimination against women in all its forms and pursuing a policy of
eliminating discrimination), as it is in harmony with Islamic Shariah;
Article 9, Paragraph 2 (granting women equal rights with men with respect
to the nationality of their children), as nationality is a human right;
and Articles 15 (equality of men and women before the law) and 16
(eliminating discrimination against women in matters relating to marriage
and family relations), with some remarks on different fatwas regarding
these articles.
For religious empowerment of Syrian women
The grand mufti went on to describe the efforts made by
Dar Al-Ifta (the only religious authority in Syria able to issue
enforceable religious decrees) for the empowerment of Syrian women. He
said that for the first time in Syria plans are underway to appoint two
female muftis to work in Damascus and Aleppo. "Female muftis are not new
to Islam," he said, referring to examples from Islamic history like Um al-Dardaa
and Fatima al-Samarkandieh. This modern breakthrough – when passed – would
reflect the highest level of commitment to change within the religious
establishments of Syria. He commended the "role of religious leaders in
promoting education and knowledge", highlighting their positive impact
towards their role in decreasing illiteracy and promoting development.
(Tomader Fateh is a well-known journalist and news editor
in the Syrian state-run English daily, Syria Times.)
Courtesy: Forward magazine;
www.fw-magazine.com
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A grand mufti
"The (Syrian) government is intolerant of, and
suppresses, extremist forms of Islam. Accordingly, it selects for
religious leadership positions moderate Muslims who have no intention of
altering the secular nature of the government. Sheikh Ahmad Badr Al-Din
Hassoun, the grand mufti of Syria, continued to call on Muslims to stand
up to Islamic fundamentalism and has urged leaders of the various
religious groups to engage in regular dialogues for mutual
understanding."
— International Religious Freedom Report 2007,
released by the US government’s Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and
Labour
www.state.gov
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